Efficient simulation of rarefied gas flow past a particle: A boundary element method for the linearized G13 equations

We develop a novel boundary integral formulation for the steady linearized form of Grad's 13-moment (G13) equations applied to uniform flow rarefied gas past solid objects at low Mach numbers. Changing variables leads system that combines from Stokes and potential theory. The strong coupling between stress deviator heat flux featured by G13 demands adding equation pressure. specialize an axisymmetric with no swirl derive fundamental solutions pressure equation, seemingly absent in Stokes-flow literature. Using element method achieve numerical solution, we apply this streaming prolate or oblate spheroids their axis symmetry parallel free stream, considering various aspect ratios Knudsen numbers—the ratio molecules' mean path macroscopic length scale. After validating method, obtain surface profiles deviations unperturbed state traction, flux, pressure, temperature, slip velocity, as well drag on spheroid, observing convergence number elements. Rarefaction phenomena, such temperature jump polarization, effects drag, velocity slippage, are predicted. This opens new investigating other non-equilibrium phenomena can be modeled same set equations, thermophoresis, has application nano- microfluidics.